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An Absolutive Case noun can be singular, dual, or plural.
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aġnaq{props.aud(`INU_01715.mp3`)}
\nthe one woman
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aġnak{props.aud(`INU_03964.mp3`)}
\nthe two women
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aġnat{props.aud(`INU_01761.mp3`)}
\nthe 3+ women
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Absolutive Case nouns may be possessed. The Relative Case noun is used for the possessor.
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kamiga{props.aud(`summaries-01.mp3`)}
\nmy one boot
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kamiŋa{props.aud(`summaries-02.mp3`)}
\nhis or her one boot
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nukatpiam kamiŋa{props.aud(`summaries-03.mp3`)}
\nthe young man's one boot
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qimmiŋik{props.aud(`summaries-04.mp3`)}
\nhis or her two dogs
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nukatpiam qimmiŋik{props.aud(`summaries-05.mp3`)}
\nthe young man's two dogs
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The Absolutive Case noun can be the subject of an intransitive verb and the direct object of a transitive verb.
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a. Subject of an Intransitive Verb
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Iglu kaviqsuq.{props.aud(`summaries-06.mp3`)}
\nThe house is red.
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Aqpaluk qamutiqaqtuq.{props.aud(`summaries-07.mp3`)}
\nAqpaluk has a car.
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b. Object of a Transitive Verb
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Niġipkaġaa qimmiġa.{props.aud(`summaries-08.mp3`)}
\nHe is feeding my dog.
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Iḷisaurriŋma tautukkai iglut.{props.aud(`summaries-09.mp3`)}
\nMy teacher sees the houses.
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An Absolutive Case noun can take third person reflexive (3R) possessive endings. It can function as a direct object of a transitive verb and refer back to the main subject.
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Aġnam nutqaqtitkaa qamutini.{props.aud(`summaries-10.mp3`)}
\nThe woman stopped her own car.
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The addition of the enclitic +lu to a possessed Absolutive Case noun enables it to function as part of the compound subject.
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Aakanilu nutqaqtuk.{props.aud(`summaries-11.mp3`)}
\nHer own mother (and herself) stopped.
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A noun in the Relative Case functions as the subject of a transitive verb and the possessor of another noun.
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a. Subject of a Transitive Verb
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Aŋutim ikayuġaa.{props.aud(`summaries-12.mp3`)}
\nThe man is helping her.
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Aapiyaġma iḷisimagaa.{props.aud(`summaries-13.mp3`)}
\nMy older brother knows her.
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b. Possessor of Another Noun
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Aġnam qamutiŋa/qamutaa.{props.aud(`summaries-14.mp3`)}
\nThe woman’s car.
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Aakakpiñ avilaitqatiŋa iḷisimaruq.{props.aud(`summaries-15.mp3`)}
\nYour mother’s friend knows.
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Aakami avilaitqatiŋata iḷisimagaa.{props.aud(`summaries-16.mp3`)}
\nHis mother’s friend knows her.
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The dual and plural for Absolutive and Relative Case unpossessed nouns are the same. The unpossessed singular Relative Case noun differs from Absolutive and its mood markers are -m, '-m, :um.
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The Modalis Case has several functions: as an indefinite object, as an instrument or means to do an action, or as a way to specify an object or an action.
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a. Indefinite Object of Intransitive Verb
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Tautuktuq qimmimik.{props.aud(`summaries-17.mp3`)}
\nShe sees a dog.
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Tautuktuq qimmiñik.{props.aud(`summaries-18.mp3`)}
\nShe sees some dogs.
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Atuġniaqtuŋa qamutiŋanik/qamutaanik.{props.aud(`summaries-19.mp3`)}
\nI will use his car.
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b. Means or Instrument
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Mattumiŋa savigmik piḷaguŋ.{props.aud(`summaries-20.mp3`)}
\n(You 1), butcher it with this knife.
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Aiñiaġiga qamutimnik.{props.aud(`summaries-21.mp3`)}
\nI will fetch her with my car.
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c. Specification
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Uluuraqaqtuŋa aŋiruamik.{props.aud(`summaries-22.mp3`)}
\nI have a ulu (a big one).
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Aitchuqtaŋa malġuŋnik.{props.aud(`summaries-23.mp3`)}
\nShe gave him (two).
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Iġñiqaqtuŋa tallimanik.{props.aud(`summaries-24.mp3`)}
\nI have sons (five of them).
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d. Adverb (limited usage)
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Savaguuruq ataramik.{props.aud(`summaries-25.mp3`)}
\nShe works constantly.
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Qilamik isiġiñ.{props.aud(`summaries-26.mp3`)}
\nCome in quickly.
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The Modalis Case also indicates “by oneself ” when attached to personal noun stems.
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Uvaptinnik piraqput.{props.aud(`summaries-27.mp3`)}
\nWe did it ourselves.
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Iliŋnik piuŋ.{props.aud(`summaries-28.mp3`)}
\nYou, do it yourself.
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Ilimiñik piraa.{props.aud(`summaries-29.mp3`)}
\nHe did it by himself.
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The Locative Case identifies the place or time where or when an event occurs. It can also be possessed.
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a. Place
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Utqiaġvigñi iñuuruq.{props.aud(`summaries-30.mp3`)}
\nShe lives in Barrow.
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Uuktuaġuŋ tamanna suppun igluata tunuani.{props.aud(`summaries-31.mp3`)}
\nTry that gun out (in the place) behind his house.
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b. Space
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Savaŋniaqtuŋa uvani.{props.aud(`summaries-32.mp3`)}
\nI will work (in the space) right here.
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c. Time
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Savaguuruq uvlaami.{props.aud(`summaries-33.mp3`)}
\nHe works in the morning.
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Anniviani tikitchuaq.{props.aud(`summaries-34.mp3`)}
\nShe arrived on his birthday.
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Aippaani tainna ittuq.{props.aud(`summaries-35.mp3`)}
\nIt was like that in ancient times.
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Taimani tainna pisuuruat.{props.aud(`summaries-36.mp3`)}
\nThey did it like that (in the time of) long ago.
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The Terminalis Case noun identifies the place, time, or entity where an event or action stops.
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Utqiaġvignuñ tikiññiaqtugut.{props.aud(`summaries-37.mp3`)}
\nWe will reach (to) Barrow.
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Savaiññiġmun maaniinniaqtuŋa.{props.aud(`summaries-38.mp3`)}
\nI will be here until Sunday.
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Savagvimñun utaqqiyyaqtuaq.{props.aud(`summaries-39.mp3`)}
\nHe went to wait at my place of employment.
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The Terminalis Case also identifies the subject of the embedded verb. The embedding “verb” (i.e. embedding postbase) may be a request, a causative, or a reportative.
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a. Subject of Embedded Verb
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Aġnaq ikayuquruq nukatpiamun.{props.aud(`summaries-40.mp3`)}
\nThe woman would like the young man to help her.
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Qimmimiñun niġipkaqtaŋi iqaluit.{props.aud(`summaries-41.mp3`)}
\nShe let her own dogs eat the fish (3+).
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Aġnam isiqugaa qattaq iglumun nukatpiamun.{props.aud(`summaries-42.mp3`)}
\nThe woman wants the young man to bring the water barrel inside the house.
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Aŋutim niġiñiraŋi iqaluit qimmiñun.{props.aud(`summaries-43.mp3`)}
\nThe man reported that the dogs ate the fish.
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Iliŋnun savaqugiga.{props.aud(`summaries-44.mp3`)}
\nI would like for you to work on it.
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The Ablative Case identifies the origin of an item or an event, or the source of comparison.
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a. Origin
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Utqiaġvigñiñ tikitchut umiaqtuqtuat.{props.aud(`summaries-45.mp3`)}
\nThe ones who traveled by boat have arrived from Barrow.
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Aippaaniñ qaŋa tainnaittuaq tamanna nuna.{props.aud(`summaries-46.mp3`)}
\nThat piece of land has been that way from time immemorial.
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Iktumaŋŋa aġnamiñ aitchuusiaŋa tamanna suppun ukiutqik Christmaġmata.{props.aud(`summaries-47.mp3`)}
\nThat gun is his Christmas gift from that woman over there the year before.
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Ivaaŋiññiñ qimmiaġruksraqtuaq.{props.aud(`summaries-48.mp3`)}
\nShe got a puppy from its litter.
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Umiaŋaniñ supputiksraqtuaq aġnaq.{props.aud(`summaries-49.mp3`)}
\nThe woman got a gun from his boat.
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b. Source of Comparison
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Aŋunmiñ mikiłhaaqtuŋa.{props.aud(`summaries-50.mp3`)}
\nI am shorter than the man.
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Mattumaŋŋa umiamiñ aŋiłhaaqtuq.{props.aud(`summaries-51.mp3`)}
\nIt is bigger than this boat here.
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Uvamniñ mikiruq.{props.aud(`summaries-52.mp3`)}
\nHe is smaller than I.
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The Vialis Case identifies the venue, time, entity, or circumstances through which an event occurs or the source of a comparison of differences.
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a. Venue
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Seattle-kun Hawaii-muktuat.{props.aud(`summaries-53.mp3`)}
\nThey went to Hawaii by way of Seattle.
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Nunapkun apqusiuqtut.{props.aud(`summaries-54.mp3`)}
\nThey are building a road through my land.
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b. Time
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Unnuakun iglauruagut.{props.aud(`summaries-55.mp3`)}
\nWe traveled at night.
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Piviksrautiŋagun piñiaqtuŋa.{props.aud(`summaries-56.mp3`)}
\nI will take his time slot.
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c. Entity
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Qairuagut tiŋŋutitigun.{props.aud(`summaries-57.mp3`)}
\nWe came in airplanes.
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d. Circumstance
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Savaapkun Anchorage-muktuaŋa.{props.aud(`summaries-58.mp3`)}
\nI went to Anchorage on account of my job.
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Savaaŋagun nanġaqtaġa.{props.aud(`summaries-59.mp3`)}
\nI praised (on account of) his work.
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The Similaris Case indicates similarities between entities.
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Utqiaġviksun Qikiqtaġruk qaukłiqaqtuq aġnamik.{props.aud(`summaries-60.mp3`)}
\nKotzebue, like Barrow, has a female mayor.
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Uvaptun miquġnagu.{props.aud(`summaries-61.mp3`)}
\nDon’t sew it like I did mine.
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Qamutiŋatun qamutiqaqtuŋa.{props.aud(`summaries-62.mp3`)}
\nI have a car like his car.
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Iliktun miŋuliġniaġiga.{props.aud(`summaries-63.mp3`)}
\nI will paint it like you did yours.
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The Similaris Case also indicates “of its/one’s own volition,” when coupled with the third person reflexive pronoun stems.
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Ilimisun qamiruaq.{props.aud(`summaries-64.mp3`)}
\nIt became unoperational by itself.
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Inmisun aŋmaqtuaq.{props.aud(`summaries-65.mp3`)}
\nIt opened by itself.
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Katchi ilimisun aatchaqtuq.{props.aud(`summaries-66.mp3`)}
\nThe wall cracked open by itself.
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The Indicative Mood expresses a present statement (currently happening or immediate past).
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Tautuktuq.{props.aud(`INU_01838.mp3`)}
\nHe sees something.
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Aŋun tautuktuq tuttumik.{props.aud(`summaries-67.mp3`)}
\nThe man sees a caribou.
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Tautukkaa.{props.aud(`INU_04992.mp3`)}
\nHe sees it.
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Aŋutim tautukkaa tuttu.{props.aud(`summaries-68.mp3`)}
\nThe man sees the caribou.
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The following examples express present (currently happening and the immediate past), future, and past events.
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a. Indicative Mood I
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Niġiruq.{props.aud(`INU_02900.mp3`)}
\nHe/she is eating.
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Siquruq.{props.aud(`summaries-69.mp3`)}
\nHe/she is falling asleep.
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b. Indicative Mood I + future postbase
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Niġiñiaqtuq.{props.aud(`INU_02771.mp3`)}
\nHe/she will eat.
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Siquniaqtuq.{props.aud(`summaries-70.mp3`)}
\nHe/she will fall asleep.
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c. Participial Mood I
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Niġiruaq.{props.aud(`INU_03438.mp3`)}
\nHe/she ate.
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Siquruaq.{props.aud(`summaries-71.mp3`)}
\nHe/she has fallen asleep.
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The Indicative Mood is an independent verb and can be paired with dependent verb moods.
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Quviasukłuni itiqtuq.{props.aud(`summaries-72.mp3`)}
\nHe woke up happy.
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Itiqpan uqallautisaġiñ.{props.aud(`summaries-73.mp3`)}
\nTell him when he wakes up.
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Iglaqtuulammaġmi quliaqtuaġutiraatigut.{props.aud(`summaries-74.mp3`)}
\nShe told us while intermittently having fits of laughter.
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The Indicative Mood II markers +sugau- and +sugaaq- generally mean “recall, don’t you remember; finally despite all odds”.
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Aitchuqsugaatin ukiaq.{props.aud(`summaries-75.mp3`)}
\nDon’t you recall that she gave you one last fall.
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Tikitchugaugut.{props.aud(`summaries-76.mp3`)}
\nOh (indicating an observation), we finally arrived.
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Uqallautisugaatigut unnuaq tainnaġniaġnivḷugu.{props.aud(`summaries-77.mp3`)}
\nDon’t you recall we were told last night that it would happen that way/that he would react that way.
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Uumitchayaŋnisugaa taiġña agnaq.{props.aud(`summaries-78.mp3`)}
\nDon’t you remember he said that that woman becomes angry quickly.
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Nalunisugauq unnuaq apiqsruġaptigu.{props.aud(`summaries-79.mp3`)}
\nRecall that he said he did not know when we asked him last night.
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Uvliñiaġnisugauk maani.{props.aud(`summaries-80.mp3`)}
\nRecall they said they would spend the day here.
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The Participial Mood I expresses a past statement.
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Tautuktuaq.{props.aud(`summaries-81.mp3`)}
\nHe saw something.
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Aŋun tautuktuaq tuttumik.{props.aud(`summaries-82.mp3`)}
\nThe man saw a caribou.
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Tautuktaa.{props.aud(`summaries-83.mp3`)}
\nHe saw it.
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Aŋutim tautuktaa tuttu.{props.aud(`summaries-84.mp3`)}
\nThe man saw the caribou.
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The following examples express past, present (currently happening and the immediate past), future events.
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a. Participial Mood I
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Niġiruaq.{props.aud(`INU_03438.mp3`)}
\nHe/she ate.
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Siquruaq.{props.aud(`summaries-71.mp3`)}
\nHe/she had fallen asleep.
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b. Indicative Mood I
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Niġiruq.{props.aud(`INU_02900.mp3`)}
\nHe/she is eating.
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Siquruq.{props.aud(`summaries-69.mp3`)}
\nHe/she fell asleep.
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c. Indicative Mood I + future postbase
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Niġiñiaqtuq.{props.aud(`INU_02771.mp3`)}
\nHe/she will eat.
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Siquniaqtuq.{props.aud(`summaries-70.mp3`)}
\nHe/she will fall asleep.
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This verb mood can also function as a noun.
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Niġiruaq.{props.aud(`INU_03438.mp3`)}
\nThe one who ate
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Niġiraata or niġiraŋata.{props.aud(`summaries-85.mp3`)}
\nThe one who ate it
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Isiqtuaŋa tikkuaġaaŋa.{props.aud(`summaries2-01.mp3`)}
\nHe pointed at me (I, who came in).
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Participial Mood I is considered an independent verb and can be paired with dependent verb moods.
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Atuqtuaq makitavluni.{props.aud(`summaries2-02.mp3`)}
\nShe sang standing up.
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Aimmiuraaqtiłługu isiqtuaguk.{props.aud(`summaries2-03.mp3`)}
\nWe entered while she was at home.
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Tautukkaluaġnagu aniruaq.{props.aud(`summaries2-04.mp3`)}
\nShe left without seeing him.
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Itiġami uqallautiraa.{props.aud(`summaries2-05.mp3`)}
\nHe told her when he woke up.
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The Participial Mood II marker +kkaq(-) generally means “did V her/him/it; an item V-ed”. It is used to express a past event; or the entity that has been V-ed. It serves as an alternate form to the Participial Mood I which has the marker +t/raq(-) to express a past event; and also to express a possessed noun.
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Niġikkaŋa.{props.aud(`summaries2-07.mp3`)}
\nShe did eat it.
\nThe one she ate.
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Niġikkaġa.{props.aud(`summaries2-06.mp3`)}
\nI ate it.
\nThe one I ate.
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Uqallautikkaŋigguuq aapaŋatta uvlaami.¹{props.aud(`summaries2-08.mp3`)}
\nTheir father had told them that morning.
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Nukaaluugni piqpagikkagni tammaikamigik.¹{props.aud(`summaries2-09.mp3`)}
\nWhen he lost his two younger siblings whom he loved so much.
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Immagguuq akkumi tatkiani aniiqamik tikitqaaqamik tautukkaŋiik attaurat.¹{props.aud(`summaries2-10.mp3`)}
\nRecalling that a while ago, while they were outside right after they arrived, they had seen the dumping area.
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¹ (Nageak, V. Ataatalugiik (1971))
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Participial Mood III +t/raq- generally means “did V, but…”. It is used to express an event which happened but did not produce the desired result.
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Aigaluaqtaġa…
\nI went to fetch it, but…
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Aigaluaqtaġa pitquŋitchaŋa.{props.aud(`summaries2-11.mp3`)}
\nI went to get it, but he told me not to take it.
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Apiqsruġaluaqtaqput…
\nWe asked her, but…
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Apiqsruġaluaqtaqput iḷausukłuta…
\nWe asked to be included, but…
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Atigaluaqtaŋa…
\nHe put it on, but…
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Atigaluaqtaŋa mattaqtittaġa.{props.aud(`summaries2-12.mp3`)}
\nHe put it on, but I made him take it off.
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Iḷisaġigaluaqtaa…
\nHe recognized her, but…
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Iḷisaġigaluaqtaa aglaan ullaŋitkaa.{props.aud(`summaries2-13.mp3`)}
\nHe recognized her, but he did not approach her.
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Qaitqugaluaqtaatiguk…
\nHe invited us to come, but…
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Qaitqugaluaqtaatiguk kamagiŋitkikpuk.{props.aud(`summaries2-14.mp3`)}
\nHe invited us (two) to come, but we did not obey him.
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Isiġaluaqtuaq, aglaan qilamik anitqiksuaq.{props.aud(`summaries2-15.mp3`)}
\nHe went inside, but he came out quickly.
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Malikkaluaqtaa, aglaan tammaimaraa.{props.aud(`summaries2-16.mp3`)}
\nShe followed him, but eventually she lost sight of him.
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Tautukkaluaqtaa aglaan iḷisaġiŋitkaa.{props.aud(`summaries2-17.mp3`)}
\nHe saw her, but he did not recognize her.
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Interrogative Mood is the question form. When used without a question word, it's a yes-no question. The Interrogative Mood can be both present and past tense, depending on context.
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Iḷisallatuvigi?{props.aud(`summaries2-18.mp3`)}
\nDo you enjoy studying them?
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Tiŋŋutikun Aaŋalu Siġmiaġlu Utqiaġviŋmuŋniaqpak?{props.aud(`summaries2-19.mp3`)}
\nWill Aaŋa and Siġmiaq go to Utqiaġvik via a plane?
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Paniiñ iḷisaurrirraqsiva uvlupak?{props.aud(`summaries2-20.mp3`)}
\nDid your daughter begin teaching today?
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The use of +k/galuaq- with Interrogative endings asks for confirmation of an action.
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Iḷisaġigaluaqpigik?{props.aud(`summaries2-21.mp3`)}
\nAre you sure you recognize them (2)?
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The following Interrogative Mood examples include a question word (who, when, where, why, how, etc.).
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Kia ikayuqpauŋ aġnaq?{props.aud(`summaries2-22.mp3`)}
\nWho is helping the woman?
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Kiña tautukpiuŋ?{props.aud(`summaries2-23.mp3`)}
\nWho do you see?
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Suna tautukpiuŋ?{props.aud(`summaries2-24.mp3`)}
\nWhat do you see?
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Qaŋa tikitpa tiŋŋun?{props.aud(`summaries2-25.mp3`)}
\nWhen did the plane arrive?
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Qakugu niġiñiaqpiñuk?{props.aud(`summaries2-26.mp3`)}
\nWhen are we (two) going to eat?
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Sumi iqaluit iganiaqpisigiŋ?{props.aud(`summaries2-27.mp3`)}
\nWhere will you all (3+) cook the fish?
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Qavsiñik iqaluŋnik aitchuġniaqpauŋ?{props.aud(`summaries2-28.mp3`)}
\nHow many fish will he give her?
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Qanuq iḷisimava?{props.aud(`summaries2-29.mp3`)}
\nHow does he know?
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Sumiñ tauqsiqparruŋ umiaq?{props.aud(`summaries2-30.mp3`)}
\nFrom where did they (3+) buy the umiaq?
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Kimiñ tauqsiqpauŋ umiaq?{props.aud(`summaries2-31.mp3`)}
\nFrom whom did he buy the boat?
\n\n
Summan iglaqpiñ?{props.aud(`summaries2-32.mp3`)}
\nWhy are you laughing?
\n\n
\n
The Imperative Mood is used to express a command. It is only used with 2nd person subjects (you, you two, you all) and 3rd person or 1st person objects (her/him/it/them, me/us).
\n\n
Niġġiiñ.{props.aud(`summaries2-33.mp3`)}
\nYou (1), eat.
\n\n
Niġġiuŋ.{props.aud(`summaries2-34.mp3`)}
\nYou (1), eat it.
\n\n
Niġisitchi.{props.aud(`summaries2-35.mp3`)}
\nYou all (3+), eat.
\n\n
\n
The Negative Imperative Mood is used to express a negative command. The mood marker +na- expresses "do not". It is only used with 2nd person subjects (you, you two, you all) and 3rd person or 1st person objects (her/him/it/them, me/us).
\n\n
Naumi, ullaŋnaŋa.{props.aud(`summaries2-36.mp3`)}
\nNo, (you) don't come to me.
\n\n
Isiqtinnagu tupiġmun.{props.aud(`summaries2-37.mp3`)}
\nDo not let him enter the tent.
\n\n
Isiġnak.{props.aud(`summaries2-38.mp3`)}
\nYou (1), don’t enter.
\n\n
Isiġnatku.{props.aud(`summaries2-39.mp3`)}
\nYou two, do not bring it in.
\n\n
Uqallautinagi apiqsrikpata.{props.aud(`summaries2-40.mp3`)}
\nDo not tell them when they ask.
\n\n
Pasiñagik tautukkupkik.{props.aud(`summaries2-41.mp3`)}
\nDo not accuse them (2) when you (1) see them (2).
\n\n
Killukuaġniñagu uqaŋaiqpan.{props.aud(`summaries2-42.mp3`)}
\nDo not tell him that he is in the wrong when he stops talking.
\n\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
Optative Mood is used to express a suggestion or request. It is only used with 1st and 3rd person subjects. The mood markers +la or lI-. The question of "should" is expressed with rising final intonation.
\n\n
Niġiḷi{props.aud(`summaries2-43.mp3`)}
\nLet her eat; should she eat?
\n\n
Niġiḷitku{props.aud(`summaries2-44.mp3`)}
\nLet them two eat it; should they two eat it?
\n\n
Niġisa{props.aud(`summaries2-45.mp3`)}
\nLet’s eat; should we eat?
\n\n
Tautuglagu{props.aud(`summaries2-46.mp3`)}
\nLet me see it; should I look at it?
\n\n
\n
\n
The Kiisaimma Mood markers +p/vu- for the intransitive endings and +p/vaq- for the transitive endings express the conclusion of a series of events.
\n\n
Kiisaimmaa niġivaa.{props.aud(`summaries2-47.mp3`)}
\nFinally, she ate it.
\n\n
Kiisaimmaa niġivuq.{props.aud(`summaries2-48.mp3`)}
\nShe finally ate.
\n\n
Kiisaimmaa tautukpaġa.{props.aud(`summaries2-49.mp3`)}
\nFinally, I saw it.
\n\n
Kiisaimmaa tautukpuŋa.{props.aud(`summaries2-50.mp3`)}
\nI finally saw (something).
\n\n
The Subordinative Mood with a realized aspect (+lu-) is a dependent verb that provides more information about the situation which the main verb describes. It tells how (in what manner, by what means, or in what role), or why an action is performed.
\n\n
Aqpałłuni tikitchuq.{props.aud(`summaries2-51.mp3`)}
\nHe arrived running.
\n\n
Puuvraqłutik utiqpat?{props.aud(`summaries2-52.mp3`)}
\nDid they (two) return by swimming?
\n\n
Naluvlugu atuŋitkiga.{props.aud(`summaries2-53.mp3`)}
\nI did not use it because I did not know of it.
\n\n
When the main verb expresses an action that is ongoing, completed or habitual, the realized aspect (+lu-) is used to describe how or why the action is done.
\n\n
a. Ongoing (Indicative) main verb + realized Subordinative
\n\n
Atuqtuq makitavluni.{props.aud(`summaries2-54.mp3`)}
\nShe is singing standing up.
\n\n
Iriqtuq iqsivḷuni.{props.aud(`summaries2-55.mp3`)}
\nShe hid (just now) because she is afraid.
\n\n
b. Completed (Participial) main verb + realized Subordinative
\n\n
Atuqtuaq makitavluni.{props.aud(`summaries2-02.mp3`)}
\nShe sang standing up.
\n\n
Iriqtuaq iqsivḷuni.{props.aud(`summaries2-56.mp3`)}
\nShe hid because she is afraid.
\n\n
c. Habitual main verb + realized Subordinative
\n\n
Atuġuuruq makitavluni.{props.aud(`summaries2-57.mp3`)}
\nShe sings standing up.
\n\n
Iriġuuruq iqsivḷuni.{props.aud(`summaries2-58.mp3`)}
\nShe usually hides because she is a fearful person.
\n\n
The realized aspect (+lu-) is also used when the action or state of being indicated is an established fact.
\n\n
Tiŋŋun atuġniaŋitkaa naviŋavluni.{props.aud(`summaries2-59.mp3`)}
\nHe will not use the plane because it is broken.
\n\n
Iñuqaqłuŋa aimmiñiaqtuŋa.{props.aud(`summaries2-60.mp3`)}
\nI will stay home since I have guests.
\n\n
When the main verb expresses a future action, the realized aspect (+lu-) of the Subordinative verb is used to explain why the future action will occur if it is definitely planned to take place.
\n\n
Savaŋniaqłuta qaiñiaŋitchugut.{props.aud(`summaries2-61.mp3`)}
\nWe will not come because we will be working.
\n\n
Iñuqaġniaqłuŋa aimmiñiaqtuŋa.{props.aud(`summaries2-62.mp3`)}
\nI will remain at home because I will have guests.
\n\n
Subordinative verbs in combination with the conjunction aasii(ñ) "and then" may be used to describe sequential events.
\n\n
Makittuaq aasii kigutiksaqłuni.{props.aud(`summaries2-63.mp3`)}
\nHe stood up and then brushed his teeth.
\n\n
Maliŋniaġaak, aasii salummaksaġlutiglu, tilaglutiglu, iqaqsriḷutiglu uvliñiaqtuk.{props.aud(`summaries2-64.mp3`)}
\nThey (two) will go (followed) with her, and they (two) will spend the day cleaning up, mopping the floors, and doing the laundry.
\n\n
The Subordinative Mood also has an unrealized aspect (+vlu- and +łu-). When the main verb expresses a future action, the unrealized aspect is used to explain how a future action will take place, or in rare cases, to explain why an action will occur if it is a presupposition, or a wish.
\n\n
Pisuaġluŋa qaiñiaqtuŋa.{props.aud(`summaries2-65.mp3`)}
\nI will come walking.
\n\n
Quviasugluni itiġniaqtuq.{props.aud(`summaries2-66.mp3`)}
\nHe will wake up happy.
\n\n
Iḷausuglunuk uqallautiniaġikpuk.{props.aud(`summaries2-67.mp3`)}
\nWe (two) will tell him that we (two) wish to participate.
\n\n
Pisuglugu piuŋ.{props.aud(`summaries2-68.mp3`)}
\n(You) Tell him that you want to have it.
\n\n
The Subordinative Mood verb with an unrealized aspect (+vlu- and +łu-) is a dependent verb that provides more information about the situation which the main verb describes. It tells how (in what manner, by what means, or in what role), or why an action will be performed. When the main verb expresses a future action, the unrealized aspect (+vlu- and +łu-) is used to explain how a future action will take place.
\n\n
Qamŋuiḷuni itiqtinniaġaa.{props.aud(`summaries2-69.mp3`)}
\nHe will wake her up with his snoring.
\n\n
Pisuaġluŋa qaiñiaqtuŋa.{props.aud(`summaries2-65.mp3`)}
\nI will come walking.
\n\n
Quviasugluni itiġniaqtuq.{props.aud(`summaries2-66.mp3`)}
\nHe will wake up happy.
\n\n
In rare cases, the unrealized aspect (+vlu- and +łu-) is also used to explain why an action will occur if it is a presupposition, or a wish.
\n\n
Iḷausuglunuk uqallautiniaġikpuk.{props.aud(`summaries2-67.mp3`)}
\nWe (two) will tell him that we (two) wish to participate.
\n\n
Pisuglugu piuŋ.{props.aud(`summaries2-68.mp3`)}
\n(You) Tell him that you want to have it.
\n\n
The Subordinative Mood also has a realized aspect (+lu-). When the main verb expresses an action that is ongoing, completed or habitual, the realized aspect is used to describe how or why the action is done.
\n\n
Atuqtuaq makitavluni.{props.aud(`summaries2-02.mp3`)}
\nShe sang standing up.
\n\n
Iriqtuaq iqsivḷuni.{props.aud(`summaries2-56.mp3`)}
\nShe hid because she is afraid.
\n\n
The realized aspect (+lu-) is also used when the action or state of being indicated is an established fact.
\n\n
Tiŋŋun atuġniaŋitkaa naviŋavluni.{props.aud(`summaries2-59.mp3`)}
\nHe will not use the plane because it is broken.
\n\n
With a main verb in the future tense, the realized aspect (+lu-) is used to explain why the future action will occur if it is definitely planned to take place.
\n\n
Savaŋniaqłuta qaiñiaŋitchugut.{props.aud(`summaries2-61.mp3`)}
\nWe will not come because we will be working.
\n\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
The Negative Precessive Mood I (dependent verb) expresses the event that must happen before the event in the independent verb happens. This mood uses the Subordinative Mood endings.
\n\n
Tautuŋaunnagu ukpiġiniaŋiññiraatigut.{props.aud(`summaries3-01.mp3`)}
\nHe said he would not believe us without witnessing or seeing it.
\n\n
Katchuŋaunnani aniñiaŋiññiruaq.{props.aud(`summaries3-02.mp3`)}
\nShe said she was not leaving until she was totally satisfied.
\n\n
Naatchiŋaunnatik aiñiaŋiḷgitchuk.{props.aud(`summaries3-03.mp3`)}
\nThey (2) will not come home again until they (2) have finished.
\n\n
Aitchuusiaqaŋaunnatiŋ aniniaŋilgitchut taapkua.{props.aud(`summaries3-04.mp3`)}
\nThose will not leave until they have been given gifts.
\n\n
Iqaġiŋaunnasik niġipkaġniaŋitkivsik.{props.aud(`summaries3-05.mp3`)}
\nI will not feed until you have washed.
\n\n
The Negative Precessive Mood II expresses the event that did not happen before the event in the independent verb. The +k/galuaqtinna- mood marker is paired with the subject-object markers of the Contemporative I Mood. The mood marker is interchangeable with ±ŋaisillu-. The subject of a transitive Negative Precessive Mood II dependent verb is presented by the Terminalis case.
\n\n
Tautukkaluaqtinnagu igisimaraa.{props.aud(`summaries3-06.mp3`)}
\nHe threw it away before she had seen it.
\n\n
Tautukkaluaqtinnagu aakamiñun igisimaraa.{props.aud(`summaries3-07.mp3`)}
\nHe threw it away before his (own) mother had seen it.
\n\n
Tautukkaluaqtinnagu uvaptignun utiqtisimaraa.{props.aud(`summaries3-08.mp3`)}
\nShe returned it before we (2) had seen it.
\n\n
Naatchigaluaqtinnaŋa aigaluaqtaak.{props.aud(`summaries3-09.mp3`)}
\nThey (2) came to get it before I finished.
\n\n
Naatkaluaqtinnagu aggisisukkaluaqtaa.{props.aud(`summaries3-10.mp3`)}
\nHe wanted to take it home before it was done.
\n\n
Makitkaluaqtinnaŋa tigluktuġaluaqsimaruaq.{props.aud(`summaries3-11.mp3`)}
\n(I found out) that she knocked on the door before I got out of bed.
\n\n
Iḷisaġigaluaqtinnani aniḷiqtuq.{props.aud(`summaries3-12.mp3`)}
\nShe went out before she was recognized.
\n\n
\n
The Negative Precessive Mood II expresses the event that did not happen before the event in the independent verb. The ±ŋaisillu- mood marker is paired with the subject-object markers of the Contemporative I Mood. The mood marker is interchangeable with +k/galuaqtinna-. The subject of a transitive Negative Precessive Mood II dependent verb is presented by the Terminalis case.
\n\n
Tautuŋaisillugu aġnanun igisimaraa.{props.aud(`summaries3-13.mp3`)}
\nHe threw it away before the women had seen it.
\n\n
Naatchiŋaisilluŋa aigaluaqtaak.{props.aud(`summaries3-14.mp3`)}
\nThey (2) came to get it before I finished.
\n\n
Naanŋaisillugu aggisisukkaluaqtaa.{props.aud(`summaries3-15.mp3`)}
\nHe wanted to take it home before it was done.
\n\n
Makinŋaisilluŋa tigluktuġaluaqsimaruaq.{props.aud(`summaries3-16.mp3`)}
\n(I found out) that she knocked on the door before I got out of bed.
\n\n
Iḷisaġiŋaisilluni aniḷiqtuq.{props.aud(`summaries3-17.mp3`)}
\nShe went out before she was recognized.
\n\n
\n
The Negative Precessive Mood III (dependent verb) expresses the event that did not happen before the event expressed in the independent verb happened. The Negative Precessive Mood III marker +k/agluaġna- uses the Subordinative Mood subject and object endings.
\n\n
Tautukkaluaġnagu aniruaq.{props.aud(`summaries2-04.mp3`)}
\nShe left without seeing him.
\n\n
Iqaqsrigaluaġnak aniñak.{props.aud(`summaries3-18.mp3`)}
\n(You) do not go out before doing the laundry.
\n\n
The following examples compare the Affirmative Subordinative with the Negative Subordinative.
\n\n
a. Aqpałłuni tikitchuaq.{props.aud(`summaries3-19.mp3`)}
\nHe arrived running.
\n\n
Aqpatkaluaġnani tikitchuaq.{props.aud(`summaries3-20.mp3`)}
\nHe arrived without running.
\n\n
b. Iġitchaqqaaqługi qaugait siquruaŋa.{props.aud(`summaries3-21.mp3`)}
\nI fell asleep after defeathering the ducks.
\n\n
Iġitchaġaluaġnagi qaugait siquruaŋa.{props.aud(`summaries4-01.mp3`)}
\nI fell asleep without defeathering the ducks.
\n\n
c. Apiqsruqługik aniruaŋa.{props.aud(`summaries4-02.mp3`)}
\nI went out (after) asking them (two).
\n\n
Apiqsruġaluaġnagik aniruaŋa.{props.aud(`summaries4-03.mp3`)}
\nI went out without asking them (two).
\n\n
\n
\n
Consequential Mood I is most commonly expressed in English as “whenever” or “when”. It is not used to express "when" in the future sense.
\n\n
Itiġami uqallautiraa.{props.aud(`summaries4-04.mp3`)}
\nHe told her when he woke up.
\n\n
Akimamman quyapaluktuŋa.{props.aud(`summaries4-05.mp3`)}
\nI was so happy when he won.
\n\n
Aquvsalaaġmaŋnik iglapaluktugut.{props.aud(`summaries4-06.mp3`)}
\nWe sure laughed when they (two) fell on their butts.
\n\n
Puggutchiqigama naalaktuaġuuruŋa siḷakkuaqtuanik.{props.aud(`summaries4-07.mp3`)}
\nWhenever I do the dishes I always listen to the radio.
\n\n
This verb mood is usually paired with an independent verb that is ongoing (Indicative), completed (Participial), or habitual.
\n\n
The Consequential Mood I has a “realized” aspect expressed in English as “when (in the past)”, and “whenever”, while the Conditional Mood I has an “unrealized” aspect expressed in English as “when (in the future)” and “if”.
\n\n
a. Consequential:
\n\n
Aigami niġiruaq.{props.aud(`summaries4-08.mp3`)}
\nWhen he came home, he ate.
\n\n
Conditional:
\n\n
Aigumi niġiñiaqtuq.{props.aud(`summaries4-09.mp3`)}
\nWhen he comes home, he will eat.
\n\n
b. Consequential:
\n\n
Ikayuġamni Siġmiaq quyasuuruq.{props.aud(`summaries4-10.mp3`)}
\nWhenever I help him, Siġmiaq is always thankful.
\n\n
Conditional:
\n\n
Ikayuġumni Siġmiaq quyaniaqtuq.{props.aud(`summaries4-11.mp3`)}
\nIf I help him, Siġmiaq will be thankful.
\n\n
\n
\n
\n
Consequential Mood II generally means, "every time one Vs (her/him/it), one...". It is usually attached to an independent verb that is habitual (+[s]uu- postbase, etc.). This dependent verb mood combines the -tuaq(-) postbase with the realized Consequential Mood marker, becoming -tuaġa-.
\n\n
Annisituaġamiuŋ qaġġisisuugaa.{props.aud(`summaries4-12.mp3`)}
\nEvery time she takes him outside, she brings him here.
\n\n
Anituaġami iglaŋaqpaguuruq.{props.aud(`summaries4-13.mp3`)}
\nEvery time he goes outside he always has a big smile.
\n\n
Taututuaqamiŋa/Taututuaġamiŋa nuluġaġuugaaŋa.{props.aud(`summaries4-14.mp3`)}
\nEvery time she sees me, she waves at me.
\n\n
Niġiŋaisuaqami/Niġiŋaisuaġami siquiññaġuuruq.{props.aud(`summaries4-15.mp3`)}
\nEvery time she finishes eating, she immediately falls asleep.
\n\n
\n
\n
Conditional Mood I is most commonly expressed in English as “when (in the future)” and “if”. It is not used to express “whenever” or “when” an event has been completed.
\n\n
Itiġumi uqallautiniaġaatin.{props.aud(`summaries4-16.mp3`)}
\nWhen he wakes up, he will tell you.
\n\n
Itiqpan uqallautisaġiñ.{props.aud(`summaries-73.mp3`)}
\nWhen he wakes up, you tell him.
\n\n
Akimakpan quyapalugniaqtuŋa.{props.aud(`summaries4-17.mp3`)}
\nIf he wins, I will be happy.
\n\n
Iḷisaġikpanni qimaaniaqtuq.{props.aud(`summaries4-18.mp3`)}
\nWhen they (3+) recognize him, he will run away.
\n\n
This dependent verb is usually paired with an independent verb in the future tense or imperative mood.
\n\n
The Conditional Mood I has an “unrealized” aspect expressed in English as “when (in the future)” and “if” , while the Consequential Mood I has a “realized” aspect expressed in English as “when (in the past)”, and “whenever”.
\n\n
a. Conditional:
\n\n
Aigumi niġiñiaqtuq.{props.aud(`summaries4-09.mp3`)}
\nWhen he comes home, he will eat.
\n\n
Consequential:
\n\n
Aigami niġiruaq.{props.aud(`summaries4-08.mp3`)}
\nWhen he came home, he ate.
\n\n
b. Conditional:
\n\n
Ikayuġumni Siġmiaq quyaniaqtuq.{props.aud(`summaries4-11.mp3`)}
\nIf I help him, Siġmiaq will be thankful.
\n\n
Consequential:
\n\n
Ikayuġamni Siġmiaq quyasuuruq.{props.aud(`summaries4-10.mp3`)}
\nWhenever I help him, Siġmiaq is always thankful.
\n\n
The addition of a +k/galuaq- postbase with this set of endings changes the verb mood to Concessive Mood II unrealized, meaning "even if". When adding a -tuaq(-) postbase with this set of endings, the verb mood becomes Conditional Mood II, meaning "if ever or whenever".
\n\n
Consequential Mood II generally means, "if ever one Vs (her/him/it), one...". It is usually attached to an independent verb in the future tense or Imperative (command) Mood. This dependent verb mood combines the -tuaq(-) postbase with the unrealized Conditional Mood marker, becoming -tuaġu-.
\n\n
Anituaġuvit malikataġniaġaatin.{props.aud(`summaries4-19.mp3`)}
\nIf you ever go out, he will chase you.
\n\n
Iḷitchuġituaġumi uumitchapalugniaqtuq.{props.aud(`summaries4-20.mp3`)}
\nif ever he finds out he will become very angry
\n\n
Taututuaġupku uqallautiniaġiga.{props.aud(`summaries4-21.mp3`)}
\nIf ever I see her, I will tell her.
\n\n
Unisuaġupku taututqigñiaŋitkiñ.{props.aud(`summaries4-22.mp3`)}
\nIf you ever leave it you will not see it ever again.
\n\n
\n
Concessive Mood I generally means, "although V-ing (her/him/it)..." It is usually attached to an independent verb that occurred in the past or "immediate" past. This dependent verb combines the +k/galuaq- postbase with the Subordinative Mood realized marker, becoming +k/galuaqłu-.
\n\n
Iḷisaġigaluaqługu paġlaŋitkaa.{props.aud(`summaries4-23.mp3`)}
\nAlthough he recognized her, he did not greet, welcome her.
\n\n
Iḷisimagaluaqługu atuŋitchaġa.{props.aud(`summaries4-24.mp3`)}
\nAlthough I knew the song, I did not sing it.
\n\n
Isiġaluaqłuni anitqiksiqtuaq.{props.aud(`summaries4-25.mp3`)}
\nAlthough he went inside, he left quickly.
\n\n
Malikkaluaqługu, qanuq piŋiñmigaa.{props.aud(`summaries4-26.mp3`)}
\nAlthough she followed him, at the end, she did not say or do anything to him.
\n\n
Ullaŋitchaa tautukkaluaqługu.{props.aud(`summaries4-27.mp3`)}
\nHe did not approach her, although he saw her.
\n\n
Tautukkaluaqługu qanuŋiñmiuq.{props.aud(`summaries4-28.mp3`)}
\nAlthough she saw him, she did not do anything.
\n\n
Concessive Mood II generally means, "even if one Vs (her/him/it)". It is usually attached to an independent verb in the future tense or Imperative (command) Mood. This dependent verb mood combines the +k/galuaq- postbase with the unrealized Conditional Mood endings, becoming the mood markers +k/galuaġu- or +k/galuaqpa-.
\n\n
Uqallautigaluaġumni qanuġniaŋiḷgitchuq.{props.aud(`summaries4-29.mp3`)}
\nHe will not respond again even if I tell him.
\n\n
Iḷisaġigaluaġumŋa naluniñiaġikpiñ.{props.aud(`summaries4-30.mp3`)}
\nEven if you say that you recognize me, I will say that I do not know you.
\n\n
Isiġaluaqpan aninniaġaat.{props.aud(`summaries4-31.mp3`)}
\nThey will throw him out even if he should enter.
\n\n
Iḷitkaluaġupku atuqtinniaŋitkaat.{props.aud(`summaries4-32.mp3`)}
\nEven if you learn it, they will not let you sing it.
\n\n
Tautukkaluaqpagu qanuq piññasiuŋ.{props.aud(`summaries4-33.mp3`)}
\nEven if he sees her, (you all 3+) do not say or do anything to him.
\n\n
\n
Concessive Mood II with a realized aspect generally means, "even when one Vs (her/him/it)...". It is usually attached to an independent verb that is completed (occurred in the past or "immediate" past). This dependent verb combines the +k/galuaq- postbase with the Consequential Mood marker, becoming +k/galuaġa- or +k/galuaġma-.
\n\n
Uqallautigaluaġamni qanulaitchuq.{props.aud(`summaries4-34.mp3`)}
\nHe does not respond even when I tell him.
\n\n
Iḷisaġigaluaġmagit suġauttat qanulaitkiga.{props.aud(`summaries4-35.mp3`)}
\nEven when she recognizes some things, I do not say anything to her.
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Isiġaluaġman qanulaitkaat.{props.aud(`summaries4-36.mp3`)}
\nEven when he comes to visit, they do not do or say anything to him, or give him any hassle when he enters.
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Tautukkaluaġmagu suliqutigilaitkikput.{props.aud(`summaries4-37.mp3`)}
\nEven when he sees her, it is of no consequence to us.
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Concessive Mood III with a realized aspect generally means, "because, since one Vs (her/him/it)..." It is usually attached to an independent verb that is completed (occurred in the past). This dependent verb mood combines the +k/galuaq- postbase with the realized Consequential Mood marker, becoming +k/galuaġa- or +k/galuaġma-.
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Aptanaġaluaġman unitchaġa.{props.aud(`summaries4-38.mp3`)}
\nI left him because he creates so many tasks to be done.
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Killukuaqtaġaluaġmatku uuktuaġuktaqpuk.{props.aud(`summaries4-39.mp3`)}
\nBecause they (two) were making mistakes on it, we (two) wanted to try it.
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Malikkaluaġmagu malirraqsiraġali.{props.aud(`summaries4-40.mp3`)}
\nSince she was following him around, I decided to follow him too.
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Qiagaluaġman qaġġisiraġa.{props.aud(`summaries4-41.mp3`)}
\nI brought her with me because she was crying so much.
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Successive Mood generally means “after V-ing for a while”. It is used to describe an event that has already happened (realized) or has the potential to happen (unrealized).
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The Consequential Mood endings are used to express a realized event and the Conditional Mood endings are used to express an unrealized event.
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The Successive Mood combines the mood marker +k/galuaqa- or +k/galuaġa- with the Consequential Mood endings; and the mood marker +k/galuaġu- with the Conditional Mood endings.
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Aniiġutigaluaqamiuŋ utqutigaa.{props.aud(`summaries4-42.mp3`)}
\nAniiġutigaluaġamiuŋ utqutigaa.
\nAfter being outside with her for a while, he brought her inside.
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Aniiġutigaluaġumiuŋ utqutiniaġaa.{props.aud(`summaries4-43.mp3`)}
\nAfter being outside with her for a while, he will bring her inside.
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Aniiqsuaġaluaqami isiqtuq.{props.aud(`summaries4-44.mp3`)}
\nAniiqsuaġaluaġami isiqtuq.
\nAfter being outside for a while, he entered.
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Aniiqsuaġaluaġumi isiġniaqtuq.{props.aud(`summaries4-45.mp3`)}
\nAfter being outside for a while, he will enter.
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Ipiqtusukkaluaqami quviatchallaktuq.{props.aud(`summaries4-46.mp3`)}
\nIpiqtusukkaluaġami quviatchallakuq.
\nAfter being sad and depressed for a while, she gradually became happier.
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Ipiqtusukkaluaġumi quviatchallagniaqtuq.{props.aud(`summaries4-47.mp3`)}
\nAfter being sad and depressed for a while, she will gradually become happier.
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Utaqqigaluaqamisin aniruaq.{props.aud(`summaries4-48.mp3`)}
\nUtaqqigaluaġamisin aniruaq.
\nHe waited for you for a while, then left.
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Utaqqigaluaġumisin aniñiaqtuq.{props.aud(`summaries4-49.mp3`)}
\nAfter waiting for you he will go out/leave.
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Arakkaluaqamiuŋ/Arakkaluaġamiuŋ qapiqtuq.{props.aud(`summaries4-50.mp3`)}
\nAfter encouraging her for a while, he gave up.
\nArakkaluaġumiuŋ qapiġniaqtuq.{props.aud(`summaries4-51.mp3`)}
\nAfter encouraging her for a while, he will give up.
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Itqasiġaluaqapki/Itqasiġaluaġapki airuaŋa.{props.aud(`summaries4-52.mp3`)}
\nAfter staying with them for a while, I went home.
\nItqasiġaluaġupki aiñiaqtuŋa.{props.aud(`summaries4-53.mp3`)}
\nAfter staying with them for a while, I will go home.
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Contemporative Mood I generally means "while one is V-ing”. It is used to describe an event (realized or unrealized), which precedes an event that is happening or may happen within the same timeframe.
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The Contemporative Mood I markers +pkaqłu- and +tiłłu- are used to express an ongoing event; and the markers +pkaġlu- and +tillu- are used to express a potential future event.
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Iñupiaq nouns in Terminalis are used to clarify the subject of a transitive Contemporative Mood I verb.
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The endings (person and number) of the Subordinative Mood are used to complete the sentence.
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a. Examples with realized aspect:
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Aimmiuraaqtiłługu isiqtuaguk.{props.aud(`summaries2-03.mp3`)}
\nWe entered while she was leisurely enjoying being home.
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Aimmipkaqługu isiqtuaguk.{props.aud(`summaries4-54.mp3`)}
\nWe entered while she was at home.
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Miquqtiłługik kammak Aakamiñun quliaqtuaġutigaa aataurani.{props.aud(`summaries4-55.mp3`)}
\nWhile the boots were being sewn by his mother he told his older sister.
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b. Examples with unrealized aspect:
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Aimmiuraaqtillugu isiġniaqtuguk.{props.aud(`summaries4-56.mp3`)}
\nWe will enter while she is leisurely enjoying being home.
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Aimmipkaġlugu isiġniaqtuguk.{props.aud(`summaries4-57.mp3`)}
\nWe will enter while she is at home.
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Miquqtillugik kammak Aakamiñun quliaqtuaġutiniaġaa aataurani.{props.aud(`summaries4-58.mp3`)}
\nWhile the boots are being sewn by his mother, he will tell his elder sister.
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Miquqtillugik kammak aakamiñun quliaqtuaġutiniaġaa.{props.aud(`summaries4-59.mp3`)}
\nWhile the boots are being sewn by his mother he will tell her.
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NOTE: Some North Slope Iñupiaq speakers of related dialects or idiolects do not differentiate between Consequential Mood markers (voiceless kł and qł and łł) and Conditional Mood markers (voiced gl and ġl and ll).
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Contemporative Mood II generally means "while one is V-ing, one simultaneously V-ed or Vs” in the same time frame.
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It is used to describe an event which is happening simultaneously as the event expressed in an independent verb.
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The subject of the Comtemporative Mood II is the same as the subject of the independent verb.
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Naalaktuallaan aakani miquqtuq.{props.aud(`summaries4-60.mp3`)}
\nWhile listening to her mother, she is sewing.
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Miqullaġmi naalaktuaġai.{props.aud(`summaries4-61.mp3`)}
\nShe is listening to them while (she is) sewing.
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Ilisaġillaan nalunigaa.{props.aud(`summaries4-62.mp3`)}
\nWhile recognizing him, she said she did not know him.
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Qiallaġmi uqaqtuaq kaŋiqsiñaitchuq.{props.aud(`summaries4-63.mp3`)}
\nThe one talking while she is crying is not understandable.
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Iḷisimallapkiñ sagluturuatiin ukpiġiniaŋitkikpiñ.{props.aud(`summaries4-64.mp3`)}
\nI, knowing that you tell lies frequently, will not believe you.
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Unitchuŋiḷḷapku unitchaġa.{props.aud(`summaries4-65.mp3`)}
\nWhile not wanting to leave her behind, I left her behind.
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The Contemporative Mood III marker -ŋŋaq- generally means “while one is in a state of being”. The Contemporative Mood III is used to express the state of being that one is in when/while another does something.
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Contemporative Mood III marker -ŋŋaq- uses the endings also used by the Consequential Mood and Conditional Mood endings, but excluding some of the third person subject reflexive endings.
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Uqautiŋŋaan aŋaaluptignun unitchaġa. Uqautipkaqługu aŋaaluptignun unitchaġa.{props.aud(`summaries4-66.mp3`)}
\nI left him while our grand uncle was still talking to him.
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Miquŋŋaġmi pialatqulaitkaatigut iglumi.{props.aud(`summaries4-67.mp3`)}
\nShe does not like for us to run around in the house while she is sewing.
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Siñiŋŋaġma uqaqsimaruami.{props.aud(`summaries4-68.mp3`)}
\nI found out that I spoke while I was sleeping.
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Anchorage-miinŋamnuk qamutikpuk salummaqsimaraa.{props.aud(`summaries4-69.mp3`)}
\n(We found out) he cleaned our car while we were in Anchorage.
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Umiaqtuŋŋapta tikisimaruat.{props.aud(`summaries4-70.mp3`)}
\nIt is now known that they arrived while we were boating.
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Iḷisaurriŋŋaġma piḷaaqtigisuuraġa qitunġatka nutaġauŋŋaisa.{props.aud(`summaries4-71.mp3`)}
\nWhile I was a teacher I had her as a caretaker for my young children.
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Kasimaŋŋaisa suli airuaŋa.{props.aud(`summaries4-72.mp3`)}
\nI went home while they were still holding the meeting.
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Uiñġaŋŋaġma miquġulaitchuŋa.{props.aud(`summaries4-73.mp3`)}
\nI do not like to sew while I am sleepy.
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Ikayuŋŋapku nukaaluni qiñiġaqsimaraatiguk.{props.aud(`summaries4-74.mp3`)}
\nApparently he took a picture of us while I was helping his younger sibling.
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Contemporative Mood IV generally means “while intermittently V-ing (him/her/it). It is used to express the event that intermittently shares the same timeframe with the event expressed in the independent verb.
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Contemporative Mood IV marker -mmaq- combines with the endings also used by the Consequential Mood and Conditional Mood endings. The -mmaq- alternate endings are used more nowadays.
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The subject of the Contemporative Mood IV is the same subject of the independent verb.
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Iglaqtuulammaġmi quliaqtuaġutiraatigut.{props.aud(`summaries-74.mp3`)}
\nShe told us while intermittently having fits of laughter.
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Salummaksaqtuq miquutitammaġmi.{props.aud(`summaries4-75.mp3`)}
\nShe is tidying up (the house) while intermittently sewing (on a sewing machine).
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Ikayummamnuk naatiġaa savaani.{props.aud(`summaries4-76.mp3`)}
\nWhile intermittently helping us, she quickly finished her (own) work.
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Takummamnuk nakuummagaamnuk uvliruaq.{props.aud(`summaries4-77.mp3`)}
\nShe spent the day intermittently checking on us to make sure we were fine.
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